World- Brief History

                                          United States of America

The USA is a federal republic composed of a federal district (Washington, D.C.) and 50 states, which all except one-Hawaii islands-are in mainland America.

 

The United States of America, which covers the central part of America, grew out of the British colonies that were established in North America in the first half of the 17^th century. The Declaration of Independence of the 13 states of which the American Union then consisted was adopted by Congress on July 4, 1776.

The victory of the Allies in WW-1 made USA a world power. The end of the WW-2 saw the emergence of USA as one of the superpowers. With the break-up of USSAR in 1991, it has now become the only superpower in the world.

The US contains a highly diverse population, the product of numerous and sustained waves of immigration. Ethnic and racial diversity-“the melting pot”-is celebrated as a core element of the American ideology.

The 1964 Civil Rights Act outlawed racial and other discrimination, but race continues to be a live issue.

The election of Barack Obama as the country’s first African-American president in November 2008 marked a defining moment in the country’s chequered history of race relations.

The Union originally comprised 13 states, to which 7 were added subsequently. Thirty other states, which were formerly territories, were also the Union as full states, thus making up 50 states in all, apart from the District of Columbia.

                                                                                        Source: Manorama yearbook

The great man-Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was the greatest son of our motherland, India. He was the leader of Indian freedom movement which led India to get her freedom from the administration of Britishers. He was also the great politician of the world.

Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2^nd October 1869 at Porbandar in Kathiawad, Gujarat. His real name was Mohandas Karamchan Gandhi. His mother was a religious lady and father held a high and responsible post in Porbander. He belonged to a well-to-do Vaishya family. He received his school education in local school. After that he was married to Kasturba.

He went to England to study law and became a qualified barrister for legal profession. Then he returned India and after sometime practicing in Bombay High Court, he went to Natal in South Afric. There he saw humiliation of Indins. Once he, himself was thrown away from a railway compartment, which was only for white Europeans. His self-esteem was challenged and there only, he decided to throw Britishers out of India.

He invented and practiced weapon of fighting for a noble cause, without any cost. This was ‘Satyagraha’. His satyagraha was comprised of two components of Truth and Non-Violence. He liberated indo cultivators of Motihari (Bihar) from the oppression by Europeans in 1917. In 1918 he interrupted in a conflict between mill-owners and labourers in Ahmadabad. Thus Gandhiji came in close contact between Indian masses and dedicated his whole life for the noble cause of Indians. Hence he started stepwise struggle for freedom by non-c-operation movement in 1921 and led the Indian National Congress. During his regime famous historical events like Dandi March and Jallian Wala Bagh episode had taken place. Lastly India got freedom in 1947.

Gandhiji was the first Indian leader, who lived in simple way like mass of India. His aims and dreams were: Hindu-Muslim unity; struggle for untouchability; to raise social status of women in India. He was the person who gave the name ‘Harijan’ for untouchables. He had a strong belief in prayer and his famous prayer was ‘Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram. Patit Pawan Sita-Ram. Alash! This great son of India was shot dead at Delhi, while going to attend prayer meeting on 30^th January, 1948.

Seeing his great soul, he was awarded the title ‘Mahatma’ and called father of the nation.

HAVE FAITH IN YOURSELF!

Faith is the bird that sings when the dawn is still dark.

              

                                                                       --Rabindranath Tagore

Faith is to believe what we do not see, and the reward of this faith is to see what we believe.

                                                                          --St Augustine

Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

                                                                            --Hebrews

Faith is an oasis in the heart which will never be reached by the caravan of thinking.

                                                                            --Kahlil Gibran

Faith in God and faith in ourselves is the secret of greatness. Losing faith in one’s self means losing faith in God.

                                                                              ---Swami Vivekananda

   

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